They can collectively be called negative wildcards.

这些机制可统称为否定通配符（negative wildcards）。

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One factor could be deposits of dust and black carbon (collectively called aerosols) upon the snow, which, up to an accumulation of 400 grams per square meter sharply raises the rate of melting.

雪上尘埃和黑炭（统称为气溶胶）覆层可能是其中一个因素：当覆层的积累达到每平方米400克的时候，会急剧加快融化的速度；

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The economic effect would therefore be more-or-less identical to eurozone governments borrowing collectively by issuing so-called eurobonds.

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At the report's core are recommendations designed to protect the relationship between clubs and their communities, including joint ownership of stadia, 'golden shares' to be held by supporters collectively, and clubs that are owned by or formed as so-called Community Benefit Societies.

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